Feel the Heat
Bringing relief from the heat to residents of North Philadelphia. Photo courtesy of Kimberly Paynter/WHYY
IN SOME PHILADELPHIA COMMUNITIES WHERE AIR CONDITIONING IS A LUXURY, ACTIVISTS AND CITY OFFICIALS TEAM UP TO BEAT THE HEAT
Editor’s note: In the coming weeks, palabra. will examine environmental and social impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities -- where people without political clout or economic resources to protect themselves are nonetheless adapting. This story was produced in collaboration with WHYY, public radio in Philadelphia.
By Catalina Jaramillo
Tayon Whiting’s beard, his black and gold face mask, and bald head were drenched in sweat on a sweltering August afternoon as he walked down a treeless block in the Hunting Park neighborhood in North Philadelphia.
For three straight days, the temperature had soared to over 90 degrees and Whiting, who had just finished delivering free food to some of his neighbors, now was lugging a brand-new box fan in each hand to give to elderly Hunting Park residents. Employed by the Lenfest Center, a local nonprofit community group, he spends his days checking in on at-risk neighbors to see what they need.
“Heat affects my community pretty seriously ’cause not everybody has ACs and fans and stuff,” said Whiting, 38, who grew up in Hunting Park and is now raising his own children there. “Heat prevents them from coming out, getting all this produce that we have, and some people can’t stand the heat. They need to be in cool temperatures.”
Extreme heat is a top health concern in Philadelphia. Over the past 14 years, there have been 139 heat-related deaths citywide. Nationally, heat kills more people than hurricanes, tornadoes or flooding, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Seniors, young children and people with preexisting health conditions are at a higher risk of heatstroke and heat exhaustion, which can be deadly.
“COVID was the great reveal of what those of us in public health have seen and been aware of for a long time and now it's in the face of the public,” said Ruth McDermott-Levy, an expert on the health impacts of climate change who directs the Center for Global and Public Health at Villanova University. “ … Low-income people, people with preexisting health conditions and ethnic and racial minorities are at greater risk for health impacts.”
Cities like Philadelphia are registering a growing number of hot days each summer. In July, the city saw 21 days with temperatures at 90 degrees or higher -- three more days than last year and 10 more than average. But heat is affecting low-income neighborhoods and communities of color disproportionately. Areas such as Hunting Park, a gritty former industrial district with predominantly Hispanic and Black residents, have surface temperatures as much as 22 degrees higher than in leafier areas of the city.
Henrietta Washington, a retired utility company worker, receives a fan at her home on 10th Street in Hunting Park. She said she stays inside when it’s hot outside. Photo courtesy of Kimberly Paynter/WHYY
“Heat teams” and fans
Hunting Park, like other working class neighborhoods across the country, has fewer trees and green spaces than richer and whiter districts. It is covered by more pavement and exposed asphalt, and has more older buildings, most of them with dark rooftops. All of this contributes to higher temperatures, or what’s known as the “urban island heat” effect.
Philadelphia officials recognize the outsized impact in some areas is due largely to discriminatory practices long applied by banks and some government agencies, such as redlining, which led to decades of disinvestment in low-income districts and made it harder for residents to invest in properties and prosper economically.
“For us it became clear that, as temperatures get hotter, some neighborhoods are going to suffer more than others,” said Christine Knapp, who heads the city’s Office of Sustainability.
Two years ago, the city selected Hunting Park for a heat mitigation pilot plan. The “Beat the Heat” initiative, known as Venza el Calor in Spanish, seeks to address causes of heat inequities. A “heat team” composed of government departments and community organizations joined forces to find solutions.
They surveyed over 600 residents to measure the impact high temperatures were having on their lives. The results, published last year, helped officials conclude that a top priority should be “cooling centers,” air conditioned public buildings such as libraries, where people could take refuge on extremely hot days. Since Hunting Park has no library, community organizations and churches were identified as potential cooling centers. That initiative was set to start this summer.
“And of course, COVID-19 hit in March and sort of threw that plan off,” said Knapp.
The pandemic caught Philadelphia with no real solution for the most vulnerable. During a heat wave in July, city officials suggested that residents without air conditioning seek relief at the homes of neighbors with AC units, despite a stay-at-home order. Many balked.
Henrietta Washington, a 69-year-old retiree who lives alone in a house built in 1900 that has no air conditioning, is asthmatic and suffers from knee problems. That doesn't stop her from being active, but she says she wouldn’t go to any neighbor’s house right now because of COVID-19.
“I don’t know where the friend’s been and who they’re around. I’d rather stay home and have the fan blow on me,” she said.
Problem is, she only had one fan, and on extremely hot days, her two-story house felt dangerously hot. That’s when Whiting showed up with a fan. It’s one of 100 fans that the team gave out to senior citizens in the month of August alone.
“It’s really been hot,” Washington said while happily accepting the box fan at her door. “I’m glad that this sinner thought about us,” she said, making Whiting, whom she’s known since he was a child, laugh. “We seniors need somebody to think about us.”
The Hunting Park neighborhood, in North Philadelphia. Photo courtesy of Kimberly Paynter/WHYY
Refuge in a “cooling center”
On a hot Thursday afternoon in August, members of the heat team set up a folding table and a tent at the Lenfest Center’s parking lot and asked people who were arriving to pick up free milk and produce if they would complete a survey.
Team member Bernadette Mason, a 40-year resident of Hunting Park, convinced Diana García and her father, Aladino, to fill one out in exchange for a “heat kit” — a paper bag with sunscreen, hand sanitizer, and tips on how to stay cool — and a chance to win a $50 gift card.
García, 48, was happy to answer the questions. She read them out loud in Spanish so her father could understand.
“Would you go somewhere to stay cool?” Mason asked them, explaining one of the questions. “Would you be interested in going to a cooling center?”
The Garcías had never heard of cooling centers, but they said if one were available close to their home, they would go. They can’t afford air conditioning; all they have is a small fan. Diana worries about her father’s health, but he says he’s fine.
“Yo me tiro al agua, como cuatro veces al día — al agua fría!,” laughed García, a Puerto Rican native in his 70s. “I jump in the shower something like four times a day, in cold water.”
With many public buildings closed amid the pandemic, the Lenfest Center opened a makeshift cooling space on its premises for people to visit on especially hot days, using the shade of a tree, a tent with benches, and some misting fans.
Vernetta Santos received an A.C. unit donation this summer from the Heat team. She and her sons suffer from asthma. Photo courtesy of Kimberly Paynter/WHYY
The AC dilemma
Still, many residents needed more than cooling centers and electric fans to keep the heat at bay. Providing energy-efficient air conditioning units and grants for residents to afford the bills is essential.
“Almost everyone wants to stay home when it's hot outside,” said Cheyenne Flores, a climate resilience fellow with the city’s Office of Sustainability and the Beat the Heat field coordinator. Yet, while 84% of residents surveyed said they have an air conditioner at home, nearly half of them reported that they don’t always use it, even on hot days, for fear of running up a big electricity bill.
The team has installed donated AC units in some homes and plans to buy 20 more, paid for by two community organizations. But Knapp, the Office of Sustainability chief, says the city can’t afford massive AC giveaways like New York City, which offered 74,000 units to low-income seniors this summer. She had hoped that the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission would approve $1.5 million to replace old AC units with new, energy-efficient ones for customers with household incomes at or below twice the federal poverty level. But that proposal was turned down in August after some commissioners argued the expenditure could raise other customers’ electric bills.
One of the people who did receive a donated AC unit was Vernetta Santos, a 44-year-old Hunting Park resident who depends on disability benefits. Santos, who sports a flower tattoo on one forearm, and one that reads “MOM” on the other, lives with three of her five kids. All of them have asthma, which is triggered when it’s extremely hot.
“We'll start to wheeze, coughing, can't sleep at night … Then we have to use the nebulizer machine or the asthma pump,” she said.
Before getting the new unit, Santos had three old and less effective ACs. But she said on very hot days, her house still was extremely hot. “The new air conditioner blows cool air -- it’s keeping the house cool,” she said.
Through Beat the Heat, Santos learned that the state’s Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), which normally provides assistance for residents’ heating costs during the winter, also was offering help with cooling-related bills this year.
The Lenfest Center in the heart of Hunting Park distributed fans and information for residents to stay cool in August. Photo courtesy of Kimberly Paynter/WHYY
Buses and trees
In the long run, the best way to make Hunting Park cooler is to plant more trees. As it is now, the neighborhood is a tree desert: They cover less than 7% of its surface, compared to an average of 20% in the rest of Philadelphia. The lack of shade means streets and sidewalks retain and radiate heat well into the evening.
Beat the Heat is working with the city’s TreePhilly program and the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society to increase the number of trees in the area. Esperanza, a Latino community organization, has planted about 800 trees over the last eight years. Philadelphia's goal is to reach 30% tree coverage citywide in the next five years, with a special push in low-income zones.
Meantime, local agencies and researchers are coming up with measures to provide relief until leaves can do the work.
Seven municipal buses were used throughout the city this summer as temporary cooling centers. Census takers were tasked with asking residents if they needed information on government resources for heat relief. The city parks department deployed tents, umbrellas and water toys in some of its hottest neighborhoods.
Drexel University engineering professor Franco Montalto designed a pilot program to make the city more climate resilient, as part of his collaboration with the federal government’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Consortium for Climate Risk in the Urban Northeast.
The program aimed to cool off a one-block section of North Marshall Street in Hunting Park by installing shade structures, and bringing in plants and water sprinklers. The idea is to shade and wet paved areas so they don’t get as hot.
“The sprinklers were a real hit,” Montalto said. “People were calling their relatives to come to the block, because the block became essentially a big spray park.”
Montalto said low-cost projects like this can compensate for the lack of access to air-conditioned spaces during the pandemic. They also involve residents in the process by hiring them to monitor surface and air temperature and humidity, take care of the infrastructure and log the way it's being used.
If the experiment works, Montalto hopes to expand to other neighborhoods next summer. So far, he’s optimistic. On a preliminary reading in one spot in Hunting Park, the temperature of pavement with no shading, no greenery and no sprinklers reached 112 degrees, but the temperature of pavement in the pilot area with just the sprinklers measured only 80 degrees.
“That's a 32-degree difference,” he said, his excitement evident.
As Philadelphia and other big urban centers continue their search for long-term solutions to rising temperatures, members of the Beat the Heat team are convinced that community education, emergency cooling stations and some form of government assistance for energy costs are best bets for short-term relief.
“It's a work in progress,” said the Heat Team’s Bernadette Mason, as she surveyed residents outside the community center. “Next year we hope to really do a little bit more, and each year, to just keep it up until we can say we have the trees, we have cooling stations, we have partnered with other companies and organizations that can help us out.”
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Catalina Jaramillo is a reporter with WHYY. She tells stories on how climate change, pollution, and policies regulating air, water, land, energy, food and waste affect residents in their everyday lives.